Course Title 

Advanced Solid-State Physics

Course Code

PHY403M3

Credit Value

03 

Hourly breakdown

Theory

Practical

Independent Learning

45

–

105

Objectives

·      Describe the type of symmetry present in the crystal

·      Make use of XRD technique to identify crystal structure

·      Explain the origin of the bandgap in solids

·      Provide theoretical insights into magnetic properties of solids, semiconductors and superconductivity

Intended Learning Outcomes

·      Deduce crystal structure of a material using XRD data

·      Describe bandgap formation

·      Compare different electron theories of solids

·  Classify semiconductors based on the nature of the bandgap and composition

·      Discuss the formation and biasing of a p-n junction

· Differentiate magnetic materials based on their response to the external magnetic field

·      Apply Hund’s rule to elements with different electronic configuration

· Discuss the electrical, thermal and magnetic properties of superconductors

Contents

Crystallography: Review of crystal structures, crystal symmetry, symmetry operations, point groups, reciprocal lattice, Bragg’s law, Von Laue formulation, Equivalence of Bragg’s law and Laue’s condition, Ewald construction, X-ray diffraction experimental techniques, and structure factor.

Electron theory of Solids: Review of free electron theory, physical origin of band gaps, nearly free electron theory, Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, reduced, periodic and extended zone schemes, tight-binding approximation, concept of effective mass of electron, construction of fermi surfaces.

Semiconductors: Review of fundamentals of semiconductor physics, carrier concentration and Fermi levels in extrinsic semiconductors, Hall effect, carrier injection, generation and recombination, p-n junction, light emitting diode (LED), solar cells.

Magnetic properties of Solids: Different types of magnetism in solids, classical and quantum theories of diamagnetism and paramagnetism, Brillouin function, ferromagnetism, physical origin of ferromagnetism, Weiss exchange field, Currie–Weiss law, Hund’s rule, ferromagnetism and anti-ferromagnetism.

Superconductivity: Introduction to superconductivity, Meissner effect, types of superconductors, critical field, critical current, Isotope effect, specific heat capacity in superconductors, two fluid model, London equations, London penetration length, quantization of magnetic flux,  Josephson effect,  Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID),  Introduction to  Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory.

Teaching and Learning Methods 

Lectures, Tutorial discussion, e-based teaching-learning, Open Educational Resources, Assignments, Guided Learning

Evaluation

In-course assessments                            

30 %

End of course examination

70 %

Recommended References

·      C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8 Ed., John Wiley & Sons,

(2004)

·      Ashcroft, N. W., and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, Cengage  

     Learning, (2011)

·      Ali O., Elementary Solid State Physics: Principles and Applications,

Addison-Wesley, (1975)

·     Donald A. N., Semiconductor Physics and devices: Basic Principles, 

    4 Ed., McGraw-Hill, (2011)

Course Title 

Nuclear Physics

Course Code

PHY404M3

Credit Value

03 

Hourly breakdown

Theory

Practical

Independent Learning

45

–

105

Objectives

·      Introduce the properties of nuclear forces

·      Provide knowledge of the properties of nuclei, and the relevant models

·      Explain the principles involved in the nuclear decays and reactions

Intended Learning Outcomes

·      Describe the properties of strong nuclear forces

·      Estimate nuclear radius from mirror nuclei and alpha particle decays

·      Estimate barrier height voltage of Deuteron using Schrödinger equation

·      Explain the physical basis of the Bethe-Weizsa ̈cker formula

·  Estimate the nuclear spin, parity, magnetic moment and electric quadrupole moment of nuclei using Shell model

·      Explain the different types of radioactivity and account for their occurrence

·      Explain the basic properties of the nuclear and fusion reactors

·      Calculate the kinematics of various reactions and decay processes by relativistic calculations

Contents

Nuclear Structure: A survey of nuclear properties, Nuclear size and density: Scattering of fast electrons, Electromagnetic methods, nuclear charge distribution, distribution of nuclear matter

 Nuclear forces: Theory of the deuteron, Low energy Neutron – Proton scattering: Spin – dependence, Effective range theory, Coherent and Incoherent scattering. Proton – Proton Scattering, Neutron – Neutron Scattering, Isotropic spin, High energy n-p, n-n, p-p scattering, Exchange force model

 Nuclear models: Nuclear masses and binding energies; The liquid drop model: The semi empirical formula, magic number; Shell Model: Ground state spin and parity of nuclei, Magnetic moments; Quadra pole moments, Introduction to Collective Model and Optical model.

Nuclear decays: Theory of nuclear decays: alpha, beta, electron capture and gamma decays, allowed and forbidden transition, nuclear stability, beta stability valley.

Nuclear reactions: Nuclear reactions: mechanisms, compound nucleus, kinematics and cross section, nuclear energy levels and their determination, Nuclear fission: Fission cross- section, chain reactions, control fission, moderations, thermal reactors, reactor control, fast breeder reactors, Nuclear fusion: Fusion cross- section; thermo nuclear fusion, magnetic field confinement, fusion reactors, hydrogen bomb, Fusion in stars

Teaching and Learning Methods 

Lectures, Tutorial discussion, e-based teaching-learning, Open Educational Resources, Assignments, Guided Learning

Evaluation

In-course assessments                            

30%

End of course examination

70%

Recommended References

·      Kamal, A., Nuclear Physics, Springer, (2014)

·      Kenneth, S. K., Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wlley & Sons (1988)

·      Norman, D. C., Models of the Atomic Nucleus, 2 Ed., Springer, (2010)

·    Cottingham, W. N. and Greenwood, D. A., An Introduction to Nuclear Physics, 2 Ed., Cambridge University Press, (2004)

·  Samuel, S. M. W, Introductory Nuclear Physics, 2 Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc., (1998)

Course Title 

Atomic and Molecular Spectra

Course Code

PHY406M3

Credit Value

03 

Hourly breakdown

Theory

Practical

Independent Learning

45

–

105

Objectives

·  Introduce the approximation methods used in quantum theory

·  Describe main features of atomic spectra.

·  Discuss the effect of external electric and magnetic fields on the atomic spectra

·  Explain the main features of molecular spectra and its application

Intended Learning Outcomes

·  Explain the purpose of using approximation methods in solving Hamiltonian in Quantum mechanics

·  Apply appropriate approximation methods to solve Hamiltonians in the study of atomic spectra

·  Explain Stark effect, Zeeman effect and Paschen Back effect splitting of spectral lines and broadening spectral lines

·  Discuss the features of atomic spectra observed experimentally.

·  Compare the intensities of spectral lines of rotational and vibrational spectra

·  Estimate  bond length and rotational constant of rigid diatomic molecules

·  Estimate rotational and centrifugal distortion constants of    diatomic molecule in harmonic vibration-rotation 

Contents

Approximation Methods: Time-independent non-degenerate perturbation theory, Time-independent degenerate perturbation theory, The variational method, Time-dependent perturbation theory and the interaction of atoms with radiation.

Atomic Spectra: The spectra of Atomic hydrogen: Fine structure, Hyperfine structure; The spectra of Alkali metal atoms: Quantum defects, fine structure in alkali metal atoms; The spectrum of Helium: singlet and triplet states, exchange force; Many electron Atoms: Central field approximation, Atomic configuration and periodic table of elements, Coupling schemes.

·         The interaction of atomic systems with external electric fields: the stark effect; The interaction of atomic systems with external magnetic fields: Landau levels, the strong field Zeeman effect, the Paschen-Back effect, Anomalous Zeeman effect; Broadening of Spectral lines: Broadening, due to local and non-local effects.

 Microwave Spectroscopy: The rotation of Molecules, Rotational spectra, Diatomic molecules, Polyatomic molecules, Techniques and Instrumentations.

 Infra-red spectroscopy: The vibrating diatomic molecules, the diatomic vibrating-rotator, the vibration of polyatomic molecules, the influence of rotation on the spectra of polyatomic molecules, Analysis by infra-red techniques, Techniques and Instrumentations.

Raman Spectroscopy: Pure rotational Raman spectra, Vibrational Raman spectra, Polarization of light and the Raman effect, Structure determination from Raman and Infra-red spectroscopy, Techniques and Instrumentations. Electronic spectra of molecules: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, Electronic structure of diatomic molecules, Electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules, Techniques and Instrumentations.

·          Spin resonance spectroscopy: Spin and applied field, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy, Techniques and Instrumentations.

Teaching and Learning Methods 

Lectures, Tutorial discussion, e-based teaching-learning, Open Educational Resources, Assignments, Guided Learning

Evaluation

In-course assessments                            

30%

End of course examination

70%

Recommended References

·      Dmitry, B., Derek. F. K. and David, P. D, Atomic Physics: An Exploration

through Problems and Solutions, Oxford University Press, (2008)

·      Svanberg, S., Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Springer, (2004)

·      Banwell, C. N., Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3^rd Edition,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, (1972)

·      Brown, J. M., Molecular Spectroscopy, Oxford University Press, (1998)

·      Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy, 4 Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 

     (2004)

·      Anatoli V. A., Atomic Spectroscopy: Introduction to the Theory of

Hyperfine Structure, Springer, (2005)

Course Title 

Particle Physics

Course Code

PHY407M3

Credit Value

03 

Hourly breakdown

Theory

Practical

Independent Learning

45

–

105

Objectives

·  Introduce the physics of fundamental constituents of matter and experimental techniques used in the production and detection of high energy particles

·  Introduce the particle interactions and their properties based on fundamental force carriers

Intended Learning Outcomes

·       Explain the historical development of particle physics

·    Describe the working principle and applications of various types of particle accelerators

·       Describe the Standard Model of particle physics

·       Discuss the types of elementary particles

·       Differentiate fermions and bosons

·  Explain the characteristics of electromagnetic, strong, and weak interactions

·       Interpret the particle interactions using Feynman diagram

Contents

Introduction:

·  The old “elementary” particles, particle accelerators and detectors, particles and anti-particles, pion, muon, neutrinos, strange particles; Classification of particles: baryons, mesons and leptons, quark model; Different types of interaction: strong, electromagnetic and weak; Mediators, the standard model.

Conservation laws:

·       Energy and momentum, angular momentum, Isospin, strangeness, parity, charge conjugation, time reversal and CPT theorem.

 Electromagnetic interaction:

·         General features, exchange particle, coupling constant, cross section;

·         Feynman diagram: First order, second order and third order processes, conservation of strangeness, non-conservation of isospin, electromagnetic interaction of hadrons.

Hadrons:

·         The baryon decuplet and octet, meson octet, baryon mass and magnetic moment, mass of light mesons, positronium, quarkonium, psi and upsilon mesons, OZI rule

Weak interaction:

·     parity violation, helicity of neutrino and antineutrino, decay of charged pions, muons and strange particles, W and Z bosons, Feynman  diagram representation of leptonic, semi-leptonic and non-leptonic decay processes, decay of neutral kaon, strangeness oscillation, regeneration, CP violation.

Strong interaction:

·    Cross-section and decay rates, isospin in the two-nucleon system and pion-nucleon system, baryon resonance.

Quark- quark interaction:

·  The parton model, neutrino-nucleon collision and electron-positron annihilation cross-section, deep inelastic electron-nucleon, neutrino-nucleon scattering, electron-positron annihilation to hadrons, the quark-quark interaction and potential, quark confinement, Feynman diagram representation of hadronic processes.

Teaching and Learning Methods

Lectures, Tutorial discussion, e-based teaching-learning, Open Educational Resources, Assignments, Guided Learning

Evaluation

In-course assessments                            

30%

End of course examination

70%

Recommended References

· Donald H. Perkins, Introduction to high energy physics, 4 Ed., Cambridge University Press (2000).

·  David Griffiths, Introduction to Elementary Particles, 2 Ed., Wiley (2008).

·   Martin B.R., Shaw G., Particle Physics, 3 Ed., John Wiley & Sons (2008)

Course Title

Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Course Code

PHY408M3

Credit Value

03

Hourly breakdown

Lectures

Practical

Independent Learning

45

–

105

Objectives

·      Introduce the physics of nanomaterial and nanodevices 

·    Provide knowledge of the working principle and application of various

nanostructured devices

Intended Learning Outcomes

·      Discuss the various physical properties of nanomaterials

·      Explain the working principle of nanostructured devices

· Distinguish various fabrication technologies of nanomaterials and devices

·  Explain the basic concepts of quantum effects in nanoelectronic devices

·      Elucidate the principle and application of Nanobiotechnologies

· Analyse the various potential applications of nanomaterials and nanodevices

Contents

Introduction: Definition of nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomaterials, timeline and milestone of nanotechnology.

Nanoscience:

Quantum confinement vs dimensions: Quantum wells, wires and dots, density of states vs dimensionality, surface area of nanostructures interaction at the nanoscale,

Effect of Nano-confinement on Properties: Thermal, Optical, Mechanical, Structural, Electrical, Chemical, Biological and Magnetic properties, tunable properties by nanoscale surface design and their potential applications.

Nanomaterials and synthesis:

Nanomaterials: Polymers and semiconductors at nanoscale, Carbon based structures, Biomolecules: DNA, RNA, Nanocomposites: Metal-metal nanocomposites, polymer-metal nano-composites, Ceramic nanocomposites.

Top-down and bottom-up approach of nanomaterial synthesis:

Theory of film growth: gas impingement, adsorption, surface diffusion, surface coverage, epitaxial growth, Factors Influencing Thin Film Growth

Thin film fabrication techniques: Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition, Electrodeposition, Self-assembly monolayer deposition, Chemical bath deposition, Spray pyrolysis, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Lithography, Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition, Atomic layer deposition. Synthesis of nanomaterials

Carbon based nanostructures: Semiconducting polymers, Graphite, Graphene, Carbon nanotube (CNT), single walled CNT, multiwall CNT, Properties of graphene and CNT, Device application of graphene and CNT, fullerene, electronic properties and application of fullerene

Nanoelectronics and Nanostructured devices: nanoscale MOSFETs, Quantum tunneling diodes, Single electron and single molecule transistors, Nanowire and thin film field effect transistors, Coulomb blockade, Kondo effect in quantum systems, Polymer electronics, Introduction into spintronics, Magnetic properties of nanomaterials and applications, nano-electro-mechanical systems, Nanostructured solar cells, water splitting, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors.

Nanobiotechnology: Functional and Structural Principles of Nanobiotechnology, Nanofludics, Nanobiomachines in action, Nanobiosensors, drug targeting, drug delivery, nanosurgery and other biomedical applications

Teaching and Learning Methods

Lectures, Tutorial discussion, e-based teaching-learning, Open Educational Resources, Assignments, Guided Learning

Evaluation

In-Course Assessment   

30 %

End-of-Course Examination

70 %

Recommended References

·    Edward, L. W., Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience, 2  Edi., WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim,(2006)

·    Tero,  T. H., The Physics of Nanoelectronics, 1 Ed., Oxford University Press, (2013)

·    Karl,  M. K.,  and Francis,  D.,  Selected chapters on World Scientific Series on Carbon Nanoscience, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, (2018)

·       Gabor, L. H., Tibbals, H. F.,  Joydeep, D., and Moore, J. J., Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , CRC Press, (2008)

·  Frank, O., Owens and Poole, C., The Physics and Chemistry of Nanosolids , John Willey, (2008),

·         George, H., Fundamentals of nanoelectronics , Pearson (2008)

Course Title

Energy and Environmental Physics

Course Code

PHY409M3

Credit Value

03

Hourly breakdown

Lectures

Practical

Independent Learning

45

–

105

Objectives

·      Understand the core physical concepts related to Environment

·   Comprehend the problems of energy demand and explain the possible contributions of renewable energy sources

·    Introduce various types of energy resources available in the environment

Intended Learning Outcomes

·      Describe the impacts of energy on environment

· Discuss specific environmental problems such as pollution, ozone depletion and global warming

·      Distinguish the renewable and non-renewable energy sources

·      Explain the physical basis for the utilization of various energy sources

·      Make assessments on different energy technologies

· Estimate the efficiency of an energy conversion process in the environment

·      Describe the different energy storage systems

Contents

Introduction: Sustainable energy supply, energy and the environmental impact, Alternative energy sources

Environment: Vertical structure of atmosphere, composition, greenhouse gases, atmospheric motion, solar spectrum, radiative equilibrium, effective temperature of earth, greenhouse effect and climate change 

Solar energy: Solar water heating, unsheltered heaters, sheltered heaters, system with separate storage, selective surfaces, evacuated collectors, other uses of solar heaters; air heaters, crop driers, space heat, space cooling, water desalination, Solar concentrators;  photovoltaic generation, solar cells thermoelectric generation

Wind energy: Turbine types and terms, Basic theory, Dynamic matching, stream tube theory, Characteristics of the wind, power extraction by a turbine, electrical and mechanical power generation

Hydropower: Principles, assessing the resource for small installations, turbines, hydroelectric systems, hydraulic ram pump

Wave Energy: Wave motion, wave energy and power, wave patterns and power extraction devices, Cause of tides, Enhancement of tides, tidal flow power and tidal range power

Biofuels: Bio fuel classification, Biomass production for energy farming, direct combustion for heat, pyrolysis, thermo chemical processes; Alcoholic fermentation, anaerobic digestion for biogas, agrochemical fuel extraction.

Nuclear energy: Nuclear fuel, Fusion and fission processes, nuclear reactors, reactor types, reactor design, nuclear radiation pollution and health effects.

Energy storage:

Importance of energy storage, Biological storage, chemical storage, heat storage, electrical storage, fuel cells, mechanical storage and distribution of energy

Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities

Lectures, Tutorial discussion, e-based teaching-learning, Open Educational Resources, Assignments, Guided Learning

Evaluation

In-Course Assessment Examinations

30 %

Final Written Examination

70 %

Recommended References

·    Nelson V., Introduction to Renewable Energy, Energy and the Environment series, CRC Press, (2011)

·     Volker Q., Understanding Renewable Energy Systems, Earthscan, (2005)

·   Twidell, J., and Weir, T., Renewable energy resources, 2 Ed. , Tayler and Francis, (2006)